The Opening of Dickens Great Expectations as Compelling...

The Opening of Dickens Great Expectations as Compelling Charles Dickenss Great Expectations contains one of the most famous opening chapters of a novel ever written. It is very effective in making the reader want to read on. He uses many techniques which makes each paragraph flow into the next. The novel was a very popular literary form in the Victorian period, in a time before the invention of modern forms of entertainment such as television and video. As the nineteenth century progressed increasing numbers of people could read. At the time books were very expensive for the lower class people making it hard for them to afford many books. So Charles Dickens decided to publish his novel in†¦show more content†¦Dickens also has quite a lot of sadness in the novel. After being caned by his sisters I have only been to the churchyard said I crying and rubbing myself This shows how nasty Mrs Joe is and what Pip has to go through in his early years. Charles Dickens also uses the setting very well. He uses interesting settings, he uses places like the grave yard to make an interesting setting and this helps to create pictures in peoples minds. Through out the opening Dickens uses setting and description to create a vivid picture in your mind and this helps you to be embedded into the novel and keep reading. Dickens uses very good description and he also uses similes which help to describe the setting. As if some goblin had been crying there all night and using the window as a pocket handkerchief This creates an excellent picture of the setting and you can see exactly how Dickens wanted the scene to look. Dickens uses very good descriptors the marsh mist was so thick creates a picture of extremely thick and dirty mist which is what Dickens wanted you to see. Colour is also used in the novel this enhances the atmosphere. In these chapters Dickens only uses selected colours mostly red and black. He describes his sister as having a prevailing redness of skin I sometimes wondered if she washed herself with a nutmeg grater This shows that Mrs Joe is a harsh person andShow MoreRelated Vivid Images of Character and Place in the Opening Chapter To Dickens Great Expectations1146 Words   |  5 PagesVivid Images of Character and Place in the Opening Chapter To Dickens Great Expectations The opening chapter to Great Expectations introduces Pip who is the main protagonist in the story. He is an orphan and lives with his sister Mrs Joe Gargery and her husband who is a blacksmith. The story is set in the graveyard in the time of the Industrial Revolution. In the opening chapter we also see Pip being introduced to a convict who is very poor but very rude to the child. TheRead MorePip’s Character Change in Charles Dickens Great Expectations1173 Words   |  5 PagesPip’s Character Change in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens is a compelling story rich in friendship, love and fortune. The main character, Pip, is a dynamic character that undergoes many changes through the course of the book and throughout this analysis, the character Pip, will be identified and his gradual change through the story will be quoted and explained. The main character, Pip, is a gentle character. His traits include Read MoreCrossing the Chasm76808 Words   |  308 Pagesto any number of high-tech enterprises. Seeing the problem externalized in print has a sort of redemptive effect on people who have fallen prey to it in the past—it wasn’t all my fault! Moreover, like a good book on golf, its prescriptions give great hope that just by making this or that minor adjustment perfect results are bound to follow— this time we’ll make it work! And so any number of people cheerfully have told me that the book has become the Bible in their company. So much for the spiritualRead MoreCommunity College Leadership Gap Analysis8105 Words   |  33 Pagesin literature within these related themes: the community college leadership gap, quality leadership gap, gender leadership gap and the gender wage gap; which will be analyzed through the lens of the supply and demand theory (Olivetti, 2014). A compelling case exists for the topic study rationale within the ensuing literature review to explore how community college leaders perceive the community college leadership and quality leadership gap; with a keen focus upon clarifying and exploring the genderRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPerformance Appraisal Around the World 558 An Ethical Choice Recruiting the Unemployed 561 Self-Assessment Library How Good Am I at Giving Performance Feedback? 563 Myth or Science? â€Å"Work Is Making Us Fat† 564 Point/Counterpoint Social Media Is a Great Source of New Hires 567 Questions for Review 568 Experiential Exercise Evaluating Performance and Providing Feedback 568 Ethical Dilemma Credit Checking 568 Case Incident 1 The End of the Performance Appraisal? 569 Case Incident 2 Job Candidates WithoutRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagescontribute to our understanding of organizations. Professor Tomas Mà ¼llern, Jà ¶nkà ¶ping International Business School, Sweden . McAuley, Duberley and Johnson’s Organizational Theory takes you on a joyful ride through the developments of one of the great enigmas of our time – How should we understand the organization? Jan Ole Similà ¤, Assistant Professor, Nord-Trà ¸ndelag University College, Norway I really enjoyed this new text and I am sure my students will enjoy it, too. It combines rigorous theoretical

The Euthyphro and The Republic Essay - 1257 Words

The Euthyphro and The Republic I. In the Euthyphro, Euthyphro himself gives three proposals of piety. First, the pious is to prosecute the wrongdoer and the impious is not to prosecute the wrongdoer. Socrates disputes this example as lacking generality. He believed that in order to define piety, one had to find the form that made all pious acts pious. An example of a pious act does not in turn define piety. Euthyphro’s second attempt stated that the pious is loved by the gods, while the impious was hated by them. Again, Socrates objects, saying that although it passed the generality requirement, there was no conformity among the objects dear to the gods. After all, the gods had different opinions as did humans. Euthyphro then†¦show more content†¦Quickly, Socrates asked wether it would be just to return a gun owed to a friend out of his mind, who had originally lent the gun when he was sane. Those involved in the discussion agreed on the need for further refinements to the original stateme nt, but before they could continue a gentleman by the name of Thrasymachus wanted to interject and force Socrates to give his definition of justice. After Socrates states that he doesn’t know and would like to learn, Thrasymachus then says that justice is nothing other than the advantage of the stronger, the stronger being the established rule. Socrates’ rebuttal was to say that the ruler actually rules for the benefit of his subjects, the ones he is craftsman of. For to be a ruler is a craft and a craft was established as that which provides what is advantageous to it’s subject. Then to continue their discussion, Socrates wanted to address Thrasymachus’ view of wether the life of an unjust person is better, or more profitable, than that of a just one. Thrasymachus declared that injustice was stronger and had more power than justice - that it was better to be unjust than just. He said that to be unjust was to be clever and good, while to be just was the opposite. They went on to debate which was clever and good and which was bad. It was discussed that who tried to outdo whom defined the clever and good versus theShow MoreRelatedSocrates, Plato, Euthyphro, Apology and the Republic977 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding the â€Å"form† or basis of what one is talking about. This type of knowledge is true and sets aside any normative statements one may use to argue it. Through Plato’s three texts, Euthyphro, Apology and Republic, one can see how Socrates’ demonstrates the goal of philosophy. With Euthyphro, Socrates’ explains to Euthyphro how what is pious/impious differs among the gods and there is piety in justice but justice is not always in piety. It is the core concept of finding what is true in a statement, suchRead MoreEuthyphro And Plato Essay1594 Words   |  7 Pages In two distinct works of Plato, he attempts to determine the good and explaining it so others can also understand it the way he does. The Euthyphro aims at determining the definition of piety through a dialogue between Euthyphro and Socrates in order to come to a clear understanding through a thought out conversation. Similarly in the Republic, Plato utilizes three specific analogies to best convey the likeness, the levels, and the journey to reaching the highest good. The sun analogy, the dividedRead MoreAnalysis Of Plato s The Euthyphro 1723 Words   |  7 Pagesdisciple, Aristotle, Plato set the groundworks of Western philosophy and science amid dialogues such as Apology, Euthyphro, Republic and Laws. These dialogues provided some of the earliest handlings of political inquiries from a philosophical viewpoint. In the Euthyphro, Plato composes a dialogue that transpires in 399 BC, weeks before the hearing of Socrates, for which Socrates and Euthyphro try to determine an absolute meaning for the word â€Å"piety† also known as holiness. To enable the comprehensionRead MoreThe Republic And The S ocratic Dialogue1769 Words   |  8 Pages When analyzing Book 1 of the Republic and the Socratic dialogue Euthyphro we can conclude that there are a lot similarities and differences in the arguments between Socrates and Thrasymachus and Socrates and Euthyphro. Both pieces and arguments have similar tones and shows how Plato, through Socrates, would get to the bottom of certain issues. Upon entering the house In Plato’s The Republic, Socrates didn’t know what he was walking into when the discussion of justice was brought up. The mainRead MorePlato s Views On The Virtue Of The Virtues Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pageswhat justice is, I ll hardly know whether it is a kind of virtue or not, or whether a person who has it is happy or unhappy† (Republic 354c) Plato presents Socrates as believing in the unity of the virtues, skeptical of those who, like Meno, wish to treat the virtues as distinct objects of inquiry in dialogues such as Laches, Protagoras, Meno, the Republic, and Euthyphro. These dialogues provide good reason to deny that Plato’s Socrates believed in the numerical identity of the virtues. I shallRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1834 Words   |  8 Pagesof insights, questions and knowledge. The philosophy of Socrates as explained by Plato offers an important concept of what it means to live the examined life and what makes a life either examined or unexamined. The combination of Euthyphro, The Apology and the Republic help understand what Socrates means when he says that the unexamined life is not worth living, proving it what he believed, a valid statement. What Socrates means by an unexamined life, is we are just coasting through and not makingRead MoreSocratic Method Of Socrates1262 Words   |   6 PagesFor instance, in Plato’s The Trial and Death of Socrates† where he is discussing Piety with Euthyphro, Socrates asks him to define what piety is and Euthyphro responds by stating piety is â€Å"doing as he is doing..† (04). Socrates and Euthyphro continue to converse and Socrates encourages him to define piety rather than provide examples, as he had been doing. It is in this encouragement that, perhaps, Euthyphro realizes that which he does not know and tells Socrates that he will tell him another timeRead MoreEssay on Socrates: One of the Greatest Minds the World Has Ever Known1269 Words   |  6 Pages tried and executed. Socrates, according to Plato, analyzed the various types of governments that were attempted during a very chaotic time in Athens. As such, corruption was widespread and Socrates spoke out against it. In Book Eight of Plato’s Republic, Socrates explains the four types of corrupt governments, the kind of men that make each type of government run and says that as the individual’s personality is, so there to, is the government’s personality. In other words, if the person is corruptRead More Plato and Augustine’s Conceptions of Happiness Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesdesire for true happiness, and it is only through a path to something interminable that they will satisfy this desire. In his several dialogues, Plato contends the importance of the four virtues: wisdom, courage, self-control, and justice. In The Republic, he describes a top-down hierarchy that correlates to the aspects of one’s soul. Wisdom, courage, and temperance preside control over the rational, spirited, and appetitive aspects of the soul. It is when one maintains a balance between these aspectsRead More What Is a Good Human Life and How Should It Be Lived? Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pagespeople should live with themselves and with each other. The aim of this paper is to explore the views of these three philosophers and then analyze where they compare and contrast with each other. The Human Life According to the Plato Republic Through the Republic, Plato sought to relate the life of an individual to that of the society as a whole. According to him, people show similar characteristics, act in the same deeds, and exemplify the same virtues that a state does. This analogy implies that

Child Labour free essay sample

The paper concludes by suggesting and recommending ways of positively managing child labour. Such include vast grassroots information campaigns and counselling on the hazardous effects of child labour and its economic values. It also discusses the roles federal/state governments can play through public education and enforcement of the universal basic education goals; introduction of a modified school curriculum that puts the recipients of child labour into consideration; creating and supporting rehabilitation and integration programmes and the enactment of penalties and sanctions against perpetuators negative child labour. Key Words: Bonded child labour, child work, child trafficking, cultural practice, exploitation, child prostitution, rehabilitation, self-reliance. Introduction: Child labour has been the main thrust of universal discussion over a period of time. Journalists, psychologists, sociologists, politicians, philanthropists and even literary artists have deliberated on and sought for ways of stopping this exploitative and hazardous phenomenon to no 28 Edo Journal of Counselling Vol. 3, No. 1, 2010 avail. Governments, social activists, international organizations and other groups all have their own interpretations of the term. Generally speaking, child labour is â€Å"work for children that harms them or exploits them in some way (mentally, physically or by blocking their access to education)†. It is important to realize that not all work can be considered child labour. Children undertaking a few hours of household chores, helping out with the family shop, or doing school related work is actually beneficial for them. Such work will not hamper the education, but in fact helps improve social skills and enables to learn a new trade. While some types of work like soldiering and prostitution are universally considered unacceptable for a child, several social scientists have their own benchmarks for child labour. As UNICEF’s 1997 State of the World’s Children Report puts it, Children’s work needs to be seen as happening along a continuum, with destructive or exploitative work at one end and beneficial work promoting or enhancing children’s development without interfering with their schooling, recreation and rest at the other. And between these two poles are vast areas of work that need not negatively affect a child’s development. There are industries and individuals who employ young children and put them to work under gruelling situations. Millions of children in India and abroad are forced to work long hours threading carpets or manufacturing fireworks. The conditions under which they work can be best described as torture. Most of them do not even get to see the light of day; education is a distant dream. Child labour is a complex problem affecting all countries of the world. Even though it mainly stems from poverty, a wide variety of social, cultural, economic and political factors are responsible for its existence. Most countries have laws against child labour. Children over the age of thirteen can perform light work; at fifteen, regular work is permissible and at eighteen years of age, one may take part in all types of work. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that over 400 million children between 5 and 14 years of age are currently involved in some type of paid work or labour worldwide. Even though Asia and Africa account for most instances of child labour, it is not confined to these continents. In spite of all the laws protecting children, we find that child labour is still rampant, more so in India and other south and south-east Asian countries. The various social organizations which have sprung up in order to combat it have barely managed to put a dent in the number of child labourers. In some cases, the parents of the children force them into employment because of poverty and in others the children themselves enrol in it voluntarily. In the subsequent sections, we attempt to document the various facets of child labour, the reaction of the international community towards it and the extent of success of the measures undertaken. Based on this information, we will attempt to suggest measures to combat child labour. Why include children in the workforce? One of the main reasons children are included in the workforce is because of the low costs. Children also tend to be very quick in learning new skills. Their inclusion has been justified on the grounds that their â€Å"nimble fingers† can work with certain types of machinery that adults cannot. In the early nineteenth century, children were made to work in mines in England because most of the shafts were too narrow for adults to pass through. Most young children are so innocent that they are not aware of their rights; the generally do not protest or go on strikes or demand better pay, in other words they can be easily controlled. Main causes of Child Labour 1) Poverty: As of 2010, 37% of India’s 1. 2 billion people are below poverty line. Also the World Bank estimates that a third of the world’s poor resides in India and poverty is the main cause of child labour. Parents are forced to send their children for labour because they need means for survival. Monetary constraints and need for food clothing and shelter drive parents to send their children to hazardous jobs even though their heart does not agree. That’s why you frequently see parents sending their children to industries and also find children picking plastic bottles, polythene bags, paper etc. from huge pile of rubbish. We can also see children begging along with their parents for survival, some get their eyes blinded and limbs amputated for begging. Girls who are in their teens are forced into prostitution; some are sewing from day break to night fall. So poverty has a deep impact on children being forced into child labour. Also, in poorer families if the single bread earner becomes ill then the whole family gets affected and has a huge impact on their survival. So this is one of the primary reasons why poverty urges parents to send their children for labour. Some of the poorer families also have more number of children and this adds to their woes and forces them to send their children for child labour. Though poverty is one of the main causes of child labour, it may not be always a cause for child labour. For example, in poorer regions of Kerala child labour is very less and the reason is attributed to its high HDI. 2) Population Explosion: [pic] According to the Provisional Population Totals of Census 2011, the population of India is estimated to be around 1. 21 billion and which is growing at a rate of 1. 58% per year. According to the statistics provided by UNICEF, there are an estimated 250 million children aged 5 to 14 years employed in child labour worldwide and this figure is continuously increasing. Because of this population burst, there is scarcity of resources and when there is scarcity and more mouths to feed, children also are sent to work. Table 1 Percentage of children in total population |Age group |1991 |2001 | 2006 | |0-4 |12 |10. 7 |10. 4 | |5-9 |13. 2 |12. 5 |10. 7 | |10-14 |11. 9 |12. 1 |11 | |5 -14 |25. 1 |24. 6 |21. 7 | |0-14 |37. |35. 3 |32. 1 | Note: 1991 Population Census figures excluded J K State and for Comparative purposes figures for J K for 2001 were excluded. Source: Population Census 1991 and 2001 and Population Projections, Based on 2001 Census of India, (2006) including J K [pic] As we can see from the above tables and graphs that the population of children has decreased over the decades from 1991 to 2001. The reduction in child population in India is attributed to a reduction in the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) especially in the states of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat. But TFR remains high in some of the states like UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and MP. It can be seen that the proportion of children in population has an effect on child Labour. Number of empirical studies on child labour has associated large family size with high incidence of child labour (Source: VV Giri National Labour Institute, 1999). 3) Lack of Primary Education for children Lack of quality primary education in the rural areas makes people look for better profitable alternatives. This forces parents to send their children for child labour. Since India’s independence the number of children attending school has increased from 19. 2 million in 1950-51 to 113. 8 in 2000-01 (Source UNICEF India). But this increase is very less when compared to the total increase in population of children over the last few decades. But several problems persist. Of India’s 7, 00,000 rural schools, only one in six have toilets deterring children especially girls from going to school. Also schools are facing shortages in resources, classrooms and teachers. In addition, there are social and cultural factors like caste differences, discrimination against the girl child etc. hat play a crucial role for parents to resist in sending their children to schools and prefer child labour instead. |[pic] | | © UNICEF India | |Girls ready for class. | | | According to International Labour Organization (ILO), if child labour will be banned and all children get proper education the worlds total income would be raised by nearly 22% over 20 yea rs, which accounts for more than $4 trillion. ) Parental Illiteracy The illiteracy among parents makes them to take irrational decisions and thereby send their children for labour. Because of their ignorance they do not understand the importance of education which is very much needed for the mental development of the child. From the below table, percentage of child labour and rural literacy has an inverse relationship. So lack of primary education among the children will increase the chances of child labour. 5) Social Apathy Most of the times in urban India, you see children working as maids in households of the upper middle class and the elite. This social apathy shown by many individuals in our society also leads to child labour. These people are not at all apologetic for employing these children for doing household work. Also we see many restaurant owners employing children as chaiwalas and utensil cleaners. |Location |Incidence (%) |% Total Rural| | |of Child Labour| | | | |Literacy rate| |Jhabua (Madhya Pradesh) |25. 2 |13. | |Surguja (Madhya Pradesh) |11. 1 |24. 98 | |Durg (Madhya Pradesh) |5. 5 |50. 4 | |Kurnool (Andhra Pradesh) |14. 1 |33. 3 | |Mahabubnagar(Andhra Pradesh) |14. 6 |25. 3 | |Saharsa (Bihar) |6 |26. 9 | |Dumka (Bihar) |7. 9 |31. 5 | |Kalahandi (Orissa) |12. |27. 9 | |Koraput (Orissa) |12. 7 |17. 4 | |Periyar (Tamil Nadu) |8. 5 |53. 8 | |Kamarajar (Tamil Nadu) |8. 9 |55. 7 | |Dharampuri (Tamil Nadu) |8. 1 |43. 3 | [pic] Source: National Labour Institute 2000. Also â€Å"strengthening of rural literacy programmes would lead to nearly 50 per cent decline in the incidence of child labour† (National Labour Institute 2000, booklet on Bihar: 2) ) Family practice to inculcate traditional skills in children Some families like potters, blacksmiths, mechanics etc. try to inculcate traditional skills in their children from a very young age. At an age when children should be left free and allowed to play, people force them to learn these skills so that they could convert them into earning machines very soon. Such nature of many families can again be attributed due to poverty, illiteracy and population growth as explained above. 7) Urbanization and Unemployment Adult unemployment and urbanization are also the causes for child labour. When compared to adults, factory owners feel that it is profitable to employ children because of cheap labour rates. Also some of the factory owners think that they can command and control children more easily that their adult counterparts and make them to do hazardous works. Children being innocent and unable to understand the risk of what they are doing agree to do which otherwise are refused by many adults. This exploitation is particularly visible in garment factories of urban areas. You also find a lot of children working in some of the urban restaurants employed for cleaning in their kitchens. Especially in urban areas of south India (Bangalore for example) there are lot of children who come from Bihar and Maharashtra for livelihood and work in restaurants as floor and utensil cleaners. Sometimes, illiterate unemployed adults when they cannot find jobs relax at home and live on the labour of poor helpless children. 8) Industrial Revolution: Though industrial revolution helped in the economics growth of the country it also brought some negative effect like child labour. Sometimes multinationals prefer to employ child workers in the developing countries. This is so because they can be recruited for less pay, more work can be extracted from them and there is no union problem with them. This attitude also makes it difficult for adults to find jobs in factories and as a replacement send their children instead. Exploitation of children by Nike in Pakistan is an example. Nike used children from third world countries in the production of soccer balls and this news upset many US citizens who later boycotted Nike products and demanded Nike not to use child labour in its actories. Nike finally had to come down and change its plan in third world countries. Such incidents by many multinationals are common especially in third world countries. But it is shocking to know that it is not only multinational companies but also some companies set up in rural India which has child labour as its workforce. 9) Ineffective Child Labour laws implementation: Most of the abov e causes of child labour could be curbed by strict and proper implementation of child labour laws. Though we have laws like Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act which imposes punishment for people who employ children as labour ranges from a jail term of three months to two years and/or a fine of 10,000 to 20,000 rupees (about $200-$400), the state is ineffective in implementing them properly. This is because of corruption that is prevalent in India. Many factory owners bribe the Government officials for not taking any legal action against employing child labour in their factories and this is one of the main reasons why the state is ineffective in implementing the child labour laws. Police are unable to bring in charges, to hold someone responsible and to punish the offenders. Prevalence of child labour in India or elsewhere As per the report released by the International Labour Organization, in 2008 there were 215 million children working illegally, almost 14% of all the world’s children under 18. In sub-Saharan Africa, this proportion rises to 25%. Among the 10 to 14 year-old children the working rate is 41. 3% in Kenya, 31. 4% in Senegal, 30. 1% in Bangladesh, 25. 8% in Nigeria, 24% in Turkey, 17. 7% in Pakistan, 16. 1% in Brazil, 14. 4% in India, 11. % in China. The global total includes 115 million children below eighteen years of age engaged in potentially dangerous work which threatens their well-being, such as handling chemicals, carrying heavy loads, mining, quarrying or engaging in long working hours. The remaining 100 million child labourers are those under fifteen years of age the international minimum age for legal employment – whose tasks are not hazardous but are more substantial than â€Å"permitted light work. † Almost all child labour occurs in developing countries, with about 60% engaged in agriculture. Other occupations include domestic service, factory production and backstreet workshops. The darkest category of child labour relates to those children who indulge in criminal activities such as prostitution, military enrolment, slavery (such as bonded labour), or trafficking (which involves the removal of a child from its home, often involving deception and payment, for a wide range of exploitative purposes). These categories are beyond the reach of statistical surveys but the numbers are likely to be over 10 million. Together with hazardous work, they are described as the worst forms of child labour. The small drop in the recorded occurrences of child labour in the three-year reporting period 2005- 2008 is mildly uplifting. The most significant change is the 31% drop in hazardous work for children under 15, but this is countered by a 20% rise amongst the 15-17 year olds. Figures are gender-sensitive for the first time and show that child labour amongst girls fell by 15% over the four years. The accuracy of this child labour data has improved but is based on national surveys conducted over the period 2005-2008. The impact of more recent economic instability and rising food prices on poor households is therefore not yet reflected in the figures. Pros and Cons of Child Labour Even though employing children is considered morally wrong and the UN has condemned it, there has been some debate over it. Points have been brought forward both supporting as well as denouncing child labour. Advantages: 1. Given the fact that a majority of the child workers hail from poverty stricken families in developing countries, child labour is essential for their sustenance. Most of these families live below the poverty line and any extra income is necessary to make ends meet. 2. It gives orphans the opportunity to earn a living and sustain themselves. With no family to care for them, they are usually left to fend for themselves (there are not enough orphanages to house all the orphans). The chances are that the orphans will end up with the same type of job once if they choose to complete their education. They may choose to skip that part and jump into the job market directly. 3. Some employers are of the opinion that if introduced to the nuances of the job early in life, people perform better. Children are far better at learning than adults; hence it is a good idea to get to work earlier. For example, the children of farmers usually end up being farmers themselves, so why not introduce them to it at an early age. This learning opportunity may also help the child become an entrepreneur at a later age. It also helps build their character and work ethic. 4. In the employer’s perspective, child workers are usually easier to handle. They do not demand much and usually obey orders. They need be paid much less than the adult labourers. Children usually do not involve in strikes or protests. 5. The concept of a â€Å"normal childhood† is relatively new and only valid in certain western societies. Historically, children and teenagers have been involved in helping out with the family business, be it agriculture or industry. Until modern times, introducing children to the work early has been the norm and that is how it still is in many developing countries. Disadvantages: 1. Children are not developed enough physically or mentally to handle the stress of certain jobs. They cannot handle tasks assigned to them as well as an adult. 2. Children being innocent and oblivious to the dangers involved in certain tasks tend to be careless and this might lead to accidents in the workplace. 3. Education is one of the basic requirements of a child. No matter what his career choice is, every child deserves to have the basic minimum amount of schooling to learn and develop skills to reach full intellectual potential. Being employed full time deprives them of that opportunity. Many of them remain illiterate throughout their lives, this not only harms the image of the nation in the long run, but the individuals themselves are prone to exploitation. . Children usually get paid less than their adult counterparts even though they work equally if not longer hours. It has been reported that some children are made to work for 15 hours or more. This is blatant exploitation. 5. Exposure to hazardous conditions in industries such as in asbestos, cement or fireworks factories can cause serious physical harm to the children. Their bodies cannot handle it as well as adults. Some dangerous diseases if contracted in the growth stage can leave them crippled for life. This may also reduce their life spans. . Children lack the education or the technical skills necessary to perform certain jobs. Despite what some people argue about children being good at picking up new skills, they cannot compete with professionally trained adults. While hiring children can be economical in the short run, we end up creating a country where the labourers are unskilled and illiterate. 7. Exploiting young and innocent children is morally wrong. Employers tend to cut costs and end up destroying their childhood. International Response to Child Labour Governments of many countries where child labour is rampant are indeed concerned about the issue, recognizing the long-term detrimental impact of child labour on the country as a whole. However, the countries where the problem is most prevalent are often the poorest, and thus limited in what they can do by the resources available to them. However, it is not simply a question of money. Resistance may also come in the form of social barriers, as in the family of the child may not be willing to forego the income. The factory owners may also resist the loss of their cheap labour. Corruption within local law enforcement agencies can also put a dent in the effectiveness of any policy that might be introduced. United Nations After the World War II, United Nations was formed to protect Human Rights after realizing the plight of innocent people and children in the two world wars. United Nations â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights† adopted in 1948 includes Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which calls for compulsory free primary education. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights prohibits slavery, servitude and forced labour and calls for the protection of Minors. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child is of special relevance to child labour. It provides basic rights to children such as primary education, freedom of association, freedom of thought, rest and leisure, participation in cultural and artistic life. It protects children from any threat that might be hazardous or harmful to their health, education, physical, mental, spiritual or social development. In Article 32, it calls for countries to: define a minimum age for admission to employment; regulate the hours and conditions of employment and apply sanctions to ensure enforcement of employment legislation. pic] In 1950, on the second anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, students at the UN International Nursery School in New York viewed a poster of the historic document. After adopting it on December 10, 1948, the UN General Assembly had called upon all Member States to publicize the text of the Declaration and to cause it to be diss eminated, displayed, read and expounded principally in schools and other educational institutions, without distinction based on the political status of countries or territories.   Ã‚  (UN Photo) International Labour Organization The ILO was founded in 1919 by Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I. The key requirements of ILO on member states are to: †¢ Pursue a national policy to abolish child labour †¢ Set a minimum age for admission to work †¢ Gradually increase the lower age limit on work till the full physical and mental development of children. †¢ The prohibition and immediate elimination of the worst forms of child labour such as slavery, debt bondage and child prostitution. Key legislative landmarks regarding child labour include: 919: ILO Minimum Age (Industry) Convention No. 5: Establishes 14 years as the minimum age for industrial work 1930: ILO Forced Labour Convention No. 29: Provides for the suppression of forced labour in all its forms 1966: UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Article 8 confirms that slavery and forced labour are unacceptable 1966: UN International Covenant on Economic, Social Cultural Rights: Art icle 10 seeks protection for young people from economic or other exploitation and requires each State to set a minimum employment age 1973: ILO Minimum Age Convention No. 38: Introducing an obligation to ensure that children are not employed at an age younger than that for completion of compulsory schooling. Associated Recommendation calls to 146 countries to raise minimum employment to 16 years. 1989: UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: Affirms the child’s right to the full range of civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights, including protection from work that is counter to the child’s interests. 998: Dakar Declaration Representatives of the Movements of Working Children and youth of Africa, Latin America and Asia met in Dakar (Senegal) to lay done rules to improve the quality of life of Child Labour. 1999: ILO Worst forms of child labour Convention No. 182: addresses the extremes of child labour calling for their immediate elimination Numbers on th e extent, characteristics and determinants of child labour are provided by the Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme on Child Labour (SIMPOC), which is the statistical arm of IPEC. SIMPOC assists countries in the collection, documentation, processing and analysis of child labour relevant data. ILO’s response to child labour The ILO’s International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) was created in 1992 with the goal of the elimination of child labour progressively by providing resources to countries to fight child labour. IPEC has operations in 88 countries, with an annual expenditure of over US$100 million. It is the largest programme of its kind globally and the biggest operational programme of the ILO. IPEC’s partners include employers and workers organizations, other international and government agencies, private businesses, community-based organizations, NGOs, the media, parliamentarians, the judiciary, universities, religious groups and children and their families. IPECs work to eliminate child labour is an important facet of the ILOs Decent Work Agenda. Child labour prevents children from acquiring the skills and education they need for a better future. It does not eliminate poverty but affects national economies through losses in competitiveness, productivity and potential income. Withdrawing children from child labour, providing them with education and assisting their families with training and employment opportunities contribute directly to creating decent work for adults and children. INDUS Child Labour Project The INDUS (India-US) Child Labour Project was an inspirational project of the ILO-IPEC, between Government of India, and the US Department of Labour. It was a US$40 million initiative which started in 2004. The project covered an estimated 80,000 children across 21 districts in 5 major states of India. The project came to an end in March 2009. The INDUS Project target districts include †¢ Madhya Pradesh †¢ Maharashtra †¢ Tamil Nadu †¢ Uttar Pradesh †¢ Delhi INDUS aims to eliminate child labour in these 5 states among 10 hazardous sectors like †¢ Hand-rolled beedi cigarettes †¢ Brassware †¢ Leather, rubber, and plastic footwear †¢ Hand-blown glass bangles †¢ Hand-made locks †¢ Hand-broken quarried stones †¢ Hand-spun/hand-loomed silk thread, yarn and fabric †¢ Fireworks †¢ Hand-dipped matches †¢ Handmade bricks Strengthening Public Education To ensure that children withdrawn from the hazardous sectors do not relapse, Transitional Education Centres (TEC) were established to ease the mainstreaming of children back into schools within 24 months. Education up to Class VI and VII were provided by the TECs. Primary health care including health check-ups, school meals and stationaries were all funded by the project. Each child was paid a stipend of Rs. 100 per month, as long as they attained a minimum attendance rate of 80%. Providing vocational training Vocational centres were established to help children develop basic job skills which make decent incomes in the future viable. In addition to focusing on knowledge, skills and computer literacy, the centres also carried out life enrichment education, which includes basic workers’ rights and the dangers of HIV/AIDS. Traveling allowances of up to a maximum of Rs. 300 per month and toolkits were provided. Providing income-generating opportunities to the families of child labour In an effort to compensate families’ loss of income due to their children not being able to work, training agencies that specialize in micro-enterprise development and skill training were established. These agencies assisted families in selecting an appropriate micro-enterprise or to improve an existing skill. Results of the INDUS Project The proportion of children aged 10–14 who are economically active fell from 8. 7% in 2001 to 6. 6% in 2006, as shown in Table 1. Primary school net enrolment rate between years 2005-2009 was 83%, a more than threefold increase from the 1950s level of 26%. Criticisms of Project Delays in the Transitional Education Centres (TEC) resulted in enrolled children being transferred to public schools at a slow rate. Having completed the education provided by TEC, children were not moved to public schools on time. Progress in the income generation module has also slacked. The monetary benefits were only made available to a few targeted mothers in Tamil Nadu by mid-2007. Child Labour (10-14 years) |Distribution of |No. of employed children |No. of employed children |% of employed children |% of employed children | |children |(2001) |(2006) |(2001) |(2006) | |Male |6804336 |4276744 |8. |6. 7 | |Female |5862041 |3894131 |8. 5 |6. 3 | |Total |12666377 |8082954 |8. 7 |6. 6 | Table 1: Magnitude of child labour in India Response of Corporates Child Labour is becoming an ethical issue for Global Community including businesses. They have an obligation to take responsibility for the influence they have on this issue. Companies across the world are taking a stand against child labour. In addition some companies are working hard to develop clear strategies regarding child labour including not trading with companies which employ children as labour. At the same time, there are also companies that continue to ignore this issue but the public has started voicing concerns regarding the child labour and in today’s information based societies, such concerns can be aired freely and spread rapidly damaging the reputation of such companies and subsequently having other long term implications. World Day against Child Labour is celebrated on June 12th with different themes each year to increase awareness among people regarding the pros and cons of Child Labour. Evolution of the various Constitutional and Legal Provisions relating to Child Labour in India Child labour issues existed not only in India but in other countries and after the formation of United Nations these issues became even more prominent. Even before the constitution came into existence there were some acts enacted for the safety of child labour working in various industries mainly due to international pressures. These were precursor to some of the fundamental rights and legislative provisions giving safety and basic rights to children. Major ones are The Factories Act, 1948: The Act prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years. An adolescent aged between 15 and 18 years can be employed in a factory only if he obtains a certificate of fitness from an authorized medical doctor. The Act also prescribes four and a half hours of work per day for children aged between 14 and 18 years and prohibits their working during night hours. The Minimum Wages Act, 1948: Prescribes minimum wages for all employees i n all establishments or to those working at home in certain sectors specified in the schedule of the Act. Central and State Governments can revise minimum wages specified in the schedule. Some consider this Act as an effective instrument to combat child labour in that it is being used in some States (such as Andhra Pradesh) as the basis on which to prosecute employers who are employing children and paying them lower wages. The Mines Act, 1952: The Act prohibits the employment of children below 18 years of age in a mine. Further, it states that apprentices above 16 may be allowed to work under proper supervision in a mine. Legislative Provisions †¢ The Constitution of India (26 January 1950), through various articles enshrined in the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy, lays down that: †¢ No child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment (Article 24); †¢ The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age six to 14 years. Article 21 (A)); †¢ The State shall direct its policy towards securing that the health and strength of workers, men and women and the tender age of children are not abused and that they are not forced by economic necessity to enter vocations unsuited to their age and strength (Article 39-e); †¢ Children shall be given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and tha t childhood and youth shall be protected against moral and material abandonment (Article 39-f); The State shall endeavour to provide within a period of 10 years from the commencement of the Constitution for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of 14 years (Article 45). Initiatives towards Elimination of Child Labour – Action Plan and Present Strategy The problem of child labour continues to pose a challenge before the nation. Government has been taking various measures to tackle this problem but this is something inextricably weaved into our society due to poverty and illiteracy therefore it requires concrete efforts from all sections of the society to eliminate child labour. In 1979, Government formed a committee called Gurupadswamy Committee to study the issue of child labour and to suggest measures to tackle it. The committee observed that one of the main reasons why children were employed as labour is due to poverty therefore just formulating laws will not be able to eradicate poverty and child labour. The Committee felt the first step should be banning child labour in hazardous areas and regulating the conditions of work in industries where children were working. Based on the recommendations of Gurupadaswamy Committee, the Child Labour (Prohibition Regulation) Act was enacted in 1986. The Act prohibits employment of children in certain specified hazardous occupations and processes and regulates the working conditions in others. The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986: The Act prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in 16 occupations and 65 processes that are hazardous to the childrens lives and health. These occupations and processes are listed in the Schedule to the Act. Since then the list is increasing. In October 2006, working in the domestic sector as well as roadside eateries and motels were included under the prohibited list of hazardous occupations. And in September 2008, diving as well as process involving excessive heat (e. g. working near a furnace) and cold; mechanical fishing; food processing; beverage industry; timber handling and loading; mechanical lumbering; warehousing; and processes involving exposure to free silica such as slate, pencil industry, stone grinding, slate stone mining, stone quarries as well as the agate industry ere added to the list of prohibited occupations and processes A National Policy on Child Labour was formulated in 1987. This Policy focused on rehabilitation of children working in hazardous occupations processes. The Action Plan outlined in the Policy for tackling this problem is as follows:   †¢ Strict enforcement of Child Labour Act to ensure that children are not employed in in occupations listed i n the Prohibited list of employments and working conditions are regulated. †¢ Providing general Developmental Programmes for benefiting child labour and their families by employment generation and poverty elimination. In 1988, the National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme was launched in 9 districts of high child labour concentration in the country. Under this scheme, special schools were run for child labour where along with education and vocational training they were also given stipends and other benefits. †¢ Regular inspections and raids to detect cases of violations of Child Labour Act. The coverage of the NCLP Scheme has increased from 12 districts in 1988 to 100 districts in the 9th Plan to 250 districts during the 10th Plan. The next development with respect to child labour laws came in year 2000. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act, 2000: This Act was last amended in 2002 in conformity with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child which covers young persons below 18 years of age. Section 26 of this Act deals with the Exploitation of a Juvenile or Child Employee, and provides in relevant part, that whoever procures a juvenile or the child for the purpose of any hazardous employment and keeps him in bondage and withholds his earnings or uses such earning for his own purposes shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable for fine. In some States, including Karnataka and Maharashtra, this provision has been used effectively to bring to book many child labour employers who are otherwise not covered by any other law and to give relief and rehabilitation benefits to a large number of children. Strategy for the elimination of child labour under the 10th Plan National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme was evaluated by independent agencies in coordination with V. V. Giri National Labour Institute in 2001. Based on the recommendations, the strategy for implementing the scheme during the 10th Plan was devised. It aimed at greater convergence with the other developmental schemes and bringing qualitative changes in the Scheme. Some of the salient points of the 10th Plan Strategy are as follows: †¢ Focused and reinforced action to eliminate child labour in the hazardous occupations by the end of the Plan period. †¢ Expansion of National Child Labour Projects to additional 150 districts. †¢ Ensuring Education of child labour under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan of Ministry of Human Resource Development and mainstreaming the older students to the formal education system through special schools functioning under the NCLP Scheme. Convergence with other Schemes of the Departments of Education, Rural Development, Health and Women and Child Development for the ultimate attainment of the objective in a time bound manner. The Government and the Ministry of Labour Employment in particular, are rather serious in their efforts to fight Child Labour. The number of districts covered under the NCLP S cheme has been increased from 100 to 250. INDUS, another such Scheme for rehabilitation of child labour in cooperation with US Department of Labour covers another 21 districts. Government is also providing funds directly to the NGOs under the Ministry’s Grants-in-aid Scheme for running Special Schools for rehabilitation of child labour, thereby providing for a greater role and cooperation of the civil society in combating this menace. The implementation of NCLP and INDUS Schemes is being closely monitored through periodical reports, frequent visits and meetings with the District and State Government officials. Elimination of child labour is the single largest programme in the Ministry of Labour activities. Apart from a major increase in the number of districts covered under the scheme, the priority of the Government in this direction is evident in the quantum jump in budgetary allocation during the 10th Plan. Government has allocated Rs. 602 crores for the Scheme during the 10th Plan, as against an expenditure of Rs. 178 crores in the 9th Plan. The resources set aside for combating this evil in the Ministry of labour is around 50 per cent of its total annual budget. The latest act regarding Child Labour is – The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009: Provides for free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years. This legislation also envisages that 25 per cent of seats in every private school should be allocated for children from disadvantaged groups including differently abled children. Apart from all this India is also a signatory to the: †¢ ILO Forced Labour Convention (No. 29); †¢ ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No. 105); †¢ UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Popular Cases related to Child Labour In 1993, the Supreme Court in Unnikrishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh ruled that each child has the right to free education until he or she completes the age of 14 years (Artcle 21-A). An important judicial intervention in the action against child labour in India was the M. C. Mehta case (1996) in which The Supreme Court, directed the Union and state governments to identify all children working in hazardous processes and occupations, to withdraw them from work, and to provide them with quality education. The Court also directed that a Child Labour Rehabilitation-cum-Welfare Fund be set up using contributions from employers who contravene the Child Labour Act. In 2005, the M. V. Foundation, an NGO working on child rights brought a public interest litigation petition which argues that child labour up to the age of compulsory education is unconstitutional and is a negation of rights under Article 21-A which provides for compulsory education up to the age of 14. This case is still pending before the Supreme Court. Notably however, under this case the Court has asked the Government to file a status report on the implementation of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. Suggestions to stop Child Labour The future of any society or community depends on the well-being of its children. Wordsworth in his famous lines â€Å"child is father of the man† beautifully expressed the above fact. So it becomes very important for a nation to protect its children from premature labour which is hazardous to their mental, physical, educational and spiritual development needs. It is urgently required to save children from the murderous clutches of social injustice and educational deprivation, and ensure that they are given opportunities for healthy, normal and happy growth. The above message has been promoted by several organizations throughout the world. The following are some general guidelines that could be followed to control child labour to some extent. †¢ Top priority must be given to the project related to human resource development dedicated to the child welfare by the central and state governments. †¢ Child labour laws should be strictly implemented at the central and state levels. †¢ Any negligence and corruption regarding child labour offices and circles should be dealt very strictly by judiciary and police force. †¢ India has implemented a country- wide ban recently, on children below fourteen working in the hospitality sector and as well as domestics, this has to be enforced properly. Heavy penalty has to be imposed on any businessmen who violate the law. †¢ The provision of equal and proper opportunities for the educational needs of growing children in accordance with constitutional directives will go a long way in stopping the evil practice of child labour. †¢ Widespread awareness generatio n to create a positive climate for children to go to school and not to work. †¢ Effective utilization of print and electronic media can help in great deal to create awareness in the society. †¢ Programmes are to be conducted on child rights. †¢ Observance of a specific day as ‘Anti Child Labour Day’. June 12th is being observed as Anti Child Labour Day by ILO). Given that the progress made towards wiping out child labour is only marginal in spite of all that has been done so far, clearly only passing laws against child labour is not the way. We must also target the root cause of child labour, which is poverty and illiteracy. We must realize that in a country as large and as diverse as India, these evils are deep-rooted and cannot be taken care of overnight. However with the improvement of the economy, better income distributions, child labour will gradually decline. Education also plays an important role in the eradication of child labour. We have attached a short video regarding stopping child labour. [pic] Success stories of Rescued Child Labourers Shiv, 16, is from Madhepura village in the state of Bihar in India. He has 3 brothers – 8-, 13- and 15-years-old – and 2 sisters, 18- and 20-years-old. Both Shiv’s mother and father work as agricultural labourers. His brothers and his sisters act as supporting hands to their mother when she works on the farms, even Shiv’s 8- and 13-years-old siblings. None of them go to school as there is no school in that village, though there is one in a nearby village. The family uses the additional hands to bring in a little more money, since the family is so poor and no facility for education is available to them. When he was barely seven-years-old, Shiv was lured away from home by a man who had promised him chocolate. The man took him 600 kilometres away from his home to the Varanasi district in India, where he worked in a carpet factory for five years around the clock for no pay. He was abused and beaten by his employer. Have you ever realized that carpets are made by children like me? Shiv asked. Since he worked for no pay and was not allowed to leave the factory, Shiv was considered to be a bonded labourer. The work was hard, Shiv said. He worked 16 hours a day from 4:00 a. m. to 9:00 p. m. , seven days a week with an hour for lunch at 1 p. m. He used to get up at 4:00 a. m. and go to bed at 10:00 p. m. He did not go to school. Shiv live d, slept, and ate in the same room where he worked. He lived and worked with 18 other boys, between 7- and 16-years-old. Shiv was not given proper food. The children go no breakfast. For lunch and dinner, they received very badly cooked rice and lentils. There was no time to play or have fun. Shiv was not allowed to go outside, even though it was very hot and dirty inside and there was no fan. Shiv was often sick and tired, but was never taken to the doctor. He was just given some pills and told to continue working. Often, he cut his fingers while weaving. When this happened the employer filled his cuts with the chemical from a matchstick and cauterized/burned the cuts on his fingers. He said it was very painful. If Shiv ever said no to work, he was subjected to verbal and physical abuse. Shiv did not like his boss, who wanted the boys to work hard and produce more every day. For this he used to beat us. His behaviour was very bad with us. He used to ill-treat us. He always used bad language with us. If there was any small mistake, or when we did not meet the deadline for completing the carpets, we were beaten very badly, Shiv said. This happened quite often, at the employer’s whim. His boss never praised anyone. For five years Shiv worked without any time off. He never went home or saw anyone in his family. He did not enjoy a single day of work. At that time he had no dreams. Shiv did not like his boss, who wanted the boys to work hard and produce more every day. For this he used to beat us. His behaviour was very bad with us. He used to ill-treat us. He always used bad language with us. If there was any small mistake, or when we did not meet the deadline for completing the carpets, we were beaten very badly, Shiv said. He used to ill-treat us. He always used bad language with us. If there was any small mistake, or when we did not meet the deadline for completing the carpets, we were beaten very badly, Shiv said. Since he stopped working, Shiv’s life has totally changed. When he went back to school he felt as if he had a new life. He said, My life has taken a completely new turn. I feel free, free from any pressure. I have learned how to speak and read well. My conduct has improved. I feel now I am getting more respect in the society and, above all, I got to know about my rights. After spending some time at the Mukti Ashram, Shiv became a child activist. He has helped stop child labour by participating in awareness raising campaigns in villages and slums. Shiv’s parents are also very happy that he is attending school. They (my parents) say that I (Shiv) should study and take up some good job. Though they are working as labourers, the next generation should not work as labourers, he said. Shiv was very happy to be in Florence at the Children’s World Congress on Child Labour, but he was also thinking of the children like him who were still working. Now he realizes that there are many boys and girls like him, who work in circuses and end up crippled for life, left on the streets, or sold as camel jockeys. My only ambition is that these children are liberated and have access to quality education, and people listen to them,† he said. Shiv wants to study and become either a good school teacher or a social worker. He also wants to continue working to end child labour and to ensure the rights of all children. He is very optimistic about accomplishing his aspirations. At a press conference during the Children’s World Congress on Child Labour in Florence, Shiv demanded: Children should be removed from work. They should have a chance to play. Adults should work in place of children. They should be given normal 8-hour a day work opportunities for fair wages, and have a chance to move around, meet their families, and provide good food so that their families can have a good life. It is important to listen to the voices of children. All children should have access to free compulsory primary education. The education should be quality to enable children to be productive citizens. The rich people send their children to rich schools, but for the poor children there is no quality education available. Access to quality education should be equal for both the rich and the poor. Children should be educated about their rights along with their normal course of study. References †¢ Wikipedia http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Child_labour †¢ UNICEF’s 1997 State of the World’s Children Report †¢ US Dept. of Labour, By the Sweat Toil of Children, Vo. V: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour †¢ Child Labour: Targeting the Intolerable (1998)  and other ILO publications http://www. ilo. org. †¢ http://www. childlabor. org †¢ http://www. unicef. org †¢ http://www. ngosindia. com/resources/child_labour. php †¢ http://www. bukisa. com/articles/113972_-pros-and-cons-of-child-labor †¢ http://www. thefirstpost. co. k/44345,news-comment,news-politics,pros-cons Legal Status of Child Labour in India A Comprehensive Report A detailed report on the definition of child labour, its causes, implications, prevalence as well as the international response being taken against it and our own suggestions to curb it. [pic] 2011 Su bmitted on: 08-08-2011 Section F Group 6 – B S Shashank PGP2011584 Anuj Thakur PGP2011559 Shaishav Solanki PGP2011867 Phanindra Kumar J PGP2011775 Mrinal Kumar PGP2011729 S Shruti PGP2011838 Avantika Garg PGP2011583

Mussolini Essays - Italian Fascism, Benito Mussolini,

Mussolini Benito Mussolini was born July 29, 1883 near Predappio, Italy. He lived with his family in a small cottage attached to the school where his mother taught. His mother was named Rosa Maltoni. His father was a blacksmith named Alessandro Mussolini. He had a brother named Arnaldo, and a sister named Edvige. As a child, Benito was very strong willed, unruly, and violent. He was also mostly a loner. He actually preferred reading to playing with other children. His parents thought he would do better at a boarding school so, at age 9, he was sent to Salesian School. He hated it there and was as violent as ever. He threw an inkpot at a teacher and stabbed a child, just to name a couple of his violent outbursts. His parents then sent him to Royal Normal School, a secular school. He did much better there for it was less strict. He also made some progress in his academic skills there. In 1901, he graduated. He became interested in politics there so became an apprentice. In 1902, Mussolini qualified as a teacher. Later he left Italy for Switzerland to work odd jobs and become a political activist. In 1910, he got married to a lady named Rachele. That same year they had a child named Edda. In 1911, he got arrested for protesting the Libyan war. Also that year he became editor of the Avanti! newspaper. Three years later he started his own newspaper called: Il Popolo d' Italia. Mussolini had another child named Vittorio and went off to fight in World War I. It is said he also had three other children, but their names and date of birth are unmentioned. In 1917, he was wounded in a training exercise so returned home. Mussolini was the founder and leader of Italian fascism, an authoritarian political movement developed in Italy and other European countries as a reaction to social changes brought by World War I and the spread of socialism and communism. Then King Victor Emmanuel III offered Mussolini a job as a figurehead monarch of Italy. Instead, Mussolini becomes prime minister after the "March on Rome," an event staged by the blackshirts, which lead Mussolini to power. In 1925, Mussolini took leadership, as dictator, from the weak coalition government. He did this by earning trust by building new roads, houses, and factories. One of his many boasts was he made Italian trains run on time. In 1928, the Italian government was completely abolished. People had to obey "Il Duce," Mussolini's nickname, meaning "the leader," or be put in jail or, worse yet, be killed. Mussolini formed an alliance with Hitler in 1937. Two years later, World War II broke out, and Mussolini signed the "Pact of Steel," a military alliance with Hitler. There were three dictators of World War II: Mussolini of Italy, Hitler of Germany, and Tojo of Japan. Mussolini mainly joined World War II because he was jealous of all the land Hitler and Germany were getting. However, Mussolini's old-fashioned army was not at all prepared, so it basically unsuccessful in attacking countries. In 1943, Mussolini was dismissed by King Victor Emmanuel III then arrested. After that, King Victor made peace with the Allies. September twelfth the Germans rescued him and made him head of a "puppet government," or a government with no power. On April 28, 1945, Mussolini, the great Italian dictator, was captured by partisans, shot, and hung in a public square in Milan, Italy.

Prehistoric Life During the Cambrian Period

Prehistoric Life During the Cambrian Period Before the Cambrian period, 542 million years ago, life on earth consisted of single-celled bacteria, algae, and only a handful of multicellular animalsbut after the Cambrian, multi-celled vertebrate and invertebrate animals dominated the worlds oceans. The Cambrian was the first period of the Paleozoic Era (542-250 million years ago), followed by the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian periods; all of these periods, as well as the succeeding Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras, were dominated by the vertebrates that first evolved during the Cambrian. The Climate and Geography of the Cambrian Period Not a lot is known about the global climate during the Cambrian period, but the unusually high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (about 15 times those of the present day) imply that the average temperature may have exceeded 120 degrees Fahrenheit, even near the poles. Eighty-five percent of the earth was covered with water (compared to 70 percent today), most of that area being taken up by the huge Panthalassic and Iapetus oceans; the average temperature of these vast seas may have been in the range of 100 to 110 degrees Fahrenheit. By the end of the Cambrian, 488 million years ago, the bulk of the planets land mass was locked up in the southern continent of Gondwana, which had only recently broken off from the even bigger Pannotia of the preceding Proterozoic Era. Marine Life During the Cambrian Period Invertebrates. The major evolutionary event of the Cambrian period was the Cambrian Explosion, a rapid burst of innovation in the body plans of invertebrate organisms. (Rapid in this context means over the course of tens of millions of years, not literally overnight!) For whatever reason, the Cambrian witnessed the appearance of some truly bizarre creatures, including the five-eyed Opabinia, the spiky Hallucigenia, and the three-foot-long Anomalocaris, which was almost certainly the largest animal ever to appear on earth up to that time. Most of these arthropods left no living descendants, which has fueled speculation about what life in succeeding geologic epochs might have looked like if, say, the alien-looking Wiwaxia was an evolutionary success. As striking as they were, though, these invertebrates were far from the only multicellular life forms in the earths oceans. The Cambrian period marked the worldwide spread of the earliest plankton, as well as trilobites, worms, tiny mollusks, and small, shelled protozoans. In fact, the abundance of these organisms is what made the lifestyle of Anomalocaris and its ilk possible; in the way of food chains throughout history, these larger invertebrates spent all their time feasting on the smaller invertebrates in their immediate vicinity. Vertebrates. You wouldnt have known it to visit the earths oceans 500 million years ago, but vertebrates, and not invertebrates, were destined to become the dominant animals on the planet, at least in terms of body mass and intelligence. The Cambrian period marked the appearance of the earliest identified proto-vertebrate organisms, including Pikaia (which possessed a flexible notochord rather than a true backbone) and the slightly more advanced Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys. For all intents and purposes, these three genera count as the very first prehistoric fish, though theres still a chance that earlier candidates may be discovered dating from the late Proterozoic Era. Plant Life During the Cambrian Period There is still some controversy about whether any true plants existed as far back as the Cambrian period. If they did, they consisted of microscopic algae and lichens (which dont tend to fossilize well). We do know that macroscopic plants like seaweeds had yet to evolve during the Cambrian period, giving their noticeable absence in the fossil record. Next: the Ordovician Period

Tips on Writing a Good Marketing Research Paper

Tips on Writing a Good Marketing Research Paper Tips on Writing a Good Marketing Research Paper Those students who have chosen marketing as their profiling subject will – sooner or later – need to compose the research paper devoted to this area of knowledge. And if their skills and already gained experience allows some of them to do it on the decent level, there still are some students who find it extremely complicated to cope with the writing with the success. The present article will give the latter category of students several tips and guidelines to make the process of marketing research paper writing a bit more enjoyable and easy. First of all, a student will need to select the topic to be writing the paper about. For this purpose, it is very desirable to consult the scientific advisor. He/she, as the person with the many-years’ experience would help the student with the flow of their further investigation. As it is quite clear, the topic needs to be acute and crucial, since there is hardly a need to describe the out-of-date topic and research something which has been already described in tons of scientific materials. So, the topic is the base for the future diligent investigation. Once a student is done with selecting the topic, he/she needs to care of its proper opening to the readers. The outlining process in the best practice in this regard. No matter, which topic you have chosen, the accurate drafting and outlining of every chapter will help you with writing. Ensure to have the reasonable amount of time for researching on the topic, getting acquainted with the existing points on view on the chosen topic and select the reliable and credible sources of the well-known authors to cite or analyze in the future marketing research paper. One more tip will consider the professional help of writers which is to be easily found online. The numerous custom paper writing services are so popular in the web today, so students are welcome to make use of the professional assistance by addressing these agencies or companies. The staff of such online organizations will eagerly help the student in need with any marketing topic. There are thousands of helpful techniques for the process of marketing research paper composing. No matter which ones you apply, the result will not be long in coming. If you work hard to make the research paper an interesting and in-depth investigation, then you have the high chances to succeed. And if anything goes not as you’d like it to, then the assistance given by proficient writers online will make the positive change. You may address the professional writers any time and hope for the helpful guidelines in terms of the best Marketing research paper writing.

Letter of Motivation for Master of Laws in Advanced Studies in Public Essay

Letter of Motivation for Master of Laws in Advanced Studies in Public International Law - Essay Example Throughout my student career, and also in my working life, the particular focus on global politics and the consequent legal frameworks supporting international systems have sharpened in my mind. I am at present completing a Master’s program in Global Politics and International Relations at Bahà §eÅŸehir University in Istanbul (begun in 2007) and am currently employed as a Research Assistant at Okan University Faculty of Law in the department of Public International Law. Previous to this I achieved the Master of European Union Law at Istanbul University, where I studied from 2006 to 2009, after completion of my under-graduate courses at the Marmara University Faculty of Law (2000-2005). Evident from both my thesis topics within the courses mentioned above, and my employment history, is the committed interest I have in International Law. For the LLM Program at the Istanbul University Faculty of Law, I submitted the thesis The German Practice within the Scope of the EU Counter-Terrorism Policies; my current thesis topic is titled Migration and Citizenship in Turkey. I have also sought out work, short-course, and seminar opportunities related to my field of interest. I was a trainee at the Center for Eurasian Strategic Studies in 2007. I also worked in organizational and co-ordination capacities at the NATO Summit in Istanbul (2004); the World News Agencies Summit (2003); and the ECO Heads of State Summit Meeting in 2002. Additionally, I have attended seminars on topics as diverse as the Enlargement Process of the European Union and Turkey, The Effects of Globalization on the Law – the Role of the WTO, and Violence against Women and Sexual Crimes during the last few years. As a student, too, I was involved in this area – as President of the European Law Students’ Association (2003-2004) and as Vice-President of Seminars and Conferences for ELSA Istanbul (2002). I was also awarded the DAAD Scholarship to enter the â€Å"Program for International

Healthcare organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Healthcare organization - Essay Example direction that exists between governance and management as well as seeking to integrate an appreciation with the reader for why both of these are required within the healthcare organization. Firstly, with respect to governance, the reader can and should understand this as â€Å"the strategic task of setting the organization’s goals, direction, limitations, and accountability frameworks† (Prencipe & Bar-Yosef 199). In this way, the reader/researcher can readily integrate with the understanding that such a function of leadership is necessary in order to constrain and elaborate upon the rules of the game with which all of the other shareholders must integrate. Rather than providing an active form of participatory leadership, the role of governance is more intended to lay the underlying framework for how shareholders should integrate with one another, with the patient, and with the provision of healthcare within the system. It is also worth noting that just because governance can be defined in such a way does not make it anything similar to an infallible process; rather, it is just as fallible as management might be. Conversely, management can of course be defined as â€Å"the allocation of resources and overseeing the day to day activities and operations of the organization† (Prencipe & Bar-Yosef 199). In such a way, the reader can understand that although less of a macro approach than governance, management is the means by which governance and the issues that it portends for the shareholders must be engaged. Moreover, the reader and/or researcher can understand the management as opposed to governance is the path by which the â€Å"what† and â€Å"how† of the governance directives are able to ultimately be integrated with the prospective shareholders in the process. As one can expect from the fact that the governance structure was one that presented the macro view, the management process is one that offers a much more integrated and personal approach to

A guide for the works of the prophets Essay Example for Free

A guide for the works of the prophets Essay The prophet Amos is listed in Scripture as one of the twelve minor prophetical messengers (James Gray, 2007). Among the other minor prophets were the prophets Joel, Hosea, Obadiah, Jonah, Nahum, Micah, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi (Torah). In the fourth chapter of the Book of Amos, verses 1-6, the prophet delivers a message of destruction that will come from God (Christ Notes, 2008). The first few verses of the Book described the character of Gods instrument, a shepherd from the southern kingdom of Israel (Gray, 2007). Prophets are mainly messengers of the Lord, as they are entrusted to deliver a message from the Lord (David Noel Freedman, 2008). God delivers his message to the prophets in visiosn or by means of dreams (Freedman, 2008). But in the exceptional cases such as Moses, God spoke to him â€Å"face-to-face† (Freedman, 2008). God calls the prophets to carry out the delivery of His message, or a â€Å"commission† (Freedman, 2008). God initiates the call of the messenger, usually with dreams or visions or a supernatural event, as in the cases of Isaiah and Ezekiel (Freedman, 2008). The messages of the minor prophets that they delivered in Gods Name were basically one in nature, and that was God will bring the nations to account for their conduct (Torah). Amos message was focused on the Ten Tribes of Israel (Torah). The Israelites were reveling in their new found wealth, with an insatiable desire for more (Christ Notes, 2008). This can be deduced upon reading the Eighth chapter of Amos, verses 4-6 (Christ Notes, 2008). Amos message of the inevitable destruction and captivity upon the people of Israel, went largely unnoticed (Got Questions, 2008). References Christ Notes. (2008). Amos- King James version. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from http://www. christnotes. org/bible. php? q=Amos+8ver=kjv Freedman, D. (2008). Biblical prophets. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from http://www. lightplanet. com/mormons/basic/bible/prophets_eom. htm Got Questions. (n. d. ). Book of Amos. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from http://www. gotquestions. org/Book-of-Amos. html Gray, J. M. (2007). Book of Amos. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from http://mb-soft. com/believe/txs/amos. htm Torah. (n. d. ). The twelve prophets. Retreived August 13, 2008, from http://www. torah. org/learning/basics/primer/torah/12minor. html#amos

The Diana Phenomenon Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Diana Phenomenon The sudden death of Diana Princess of Wales at the end of August 1997 sparked off a massive display of emotion in the world, especially in Britain. The event provided the opportunity for the expression of what appeared to be a short-term and superficial, but undoubtedly sincere, manner by a large number of people. â€Å"An emotion felt throughout the countryside was that many people saw themselves in some way connected to this public figure and able to grieve for her as if she were an acquaintance.† (Lambert 54) However, there remained clear borderlines between what the public, who thought they knew her, and the immediate family who did. The Princess’s funeral brought together a gathering of the powerful (English royalty) and the beautiful (Hollywood’s finest), and the poor. More than a million mourners crowded the streets of London to toss flowers upon her casket. Even as it was happening before their eyes, no one could believe it was real. In the days and weeks that followed her death, everyone was trying to figure out what she had meant and why the world was responding to her death with such grief. Was it her flaws, her failures, her struggles with her weight and her self-esteem, and her refusal to be inhibited by them? Was it her good works and the way she touched the common people, the handicapped, drug addicts, and lepers. Could it have been the way she broke away from her failing marriage and reinvented herself as a single mother but still the â€Å"Queen...

Healthcare in Netherlands vs. U.S. Essay

Completing this assignment will require anywhere from 60-80 minutes. It will count as two response papers. This documentary is a case study in policy making. It helps us to learn about the mechanisms of making laws at the national level for high profile policies in America. In particular, this case focuses our attention on the role of powerful and wealthy interest groups in Washington, and how they can easily influence government and sway laws to their benefit. It also helps us to lean about who has power over and in government, who is represented, who has voice, influence, and who doesn’t. Please, watch â€Å"Obama’s Deal: PBS Documentary Exposing Corruption and the Role of Big Money and Powerful Lobby in American Policy Making Process† You may start filling out the questionnaire while you are watching the documentary. Simply copy these 14 questions into your response paper and answer them in the order of appearance. 1. What immediate problem did the president run into when initiating the healthcare reform? 2. Obama’s administration believed that taking on a healthcare reform is a test of what in American politics? According to Obama, it was intended to prove what? 3. Who opposed the healthcare reform under both Clinton and Obama? Who stood to lose from the healthcare reform? 4. What did the propaganda ads funded by insurance lobby advertise to the American public about the healthcare reform? Whose interests did they keep in mind when doing that? 5. Who could get to the congressional hearings on the healthcare reform? Was there anyone representing 50 million uninsured Americans at the congressional hearings? 6. While powerful insurance lobbyists initially stated that they would support the reform, what did they request in return and why? (hint: they wanted some feature added to the bill, what is that feature?) 7. Senator Baucus received $2.5 millions from insurance interest groups to do what? Whose interests did he represent? 8. Who is denied a seat at the negotiation table about the healthcare? Who is removed physically by guards from the press conference in the White House? 9. When in Congress senator Baucus introduced â€Å"Medicare prescription drug bill†, it was a payoff to drug  and pharmaceutical industries for what? Who did the bill benefit (financially)c? 10. Insurance lobbyists (Ignani being one big player) spend tens of millions of dollars to defeat the health bill through ads that created panic, scare, rumors, and etc. Why? What is at stake for insurance and pharmaceutical lobbyists if a meaningful healthcare reform took place? 11. The answer to this question would require some speculation on your part: why do you think many Americans bought the negative campaign ads against the healthcare reform that were manufactured by the insurance lobby? Why did some ordinary Americans end up siding with greedy insurance and pharmaceutical lobbyists, even though saving money and health of working Americans is the last thing that those lobbyists cared about? 12. What does this documentary show us about the role of money and powerful interests in American politics? For whose benefits laws are made or blocked? Based on this case study, what would you say about who controls American political process? 13. What have you learned from this documentary that either reinforces or contradicts information from the textbook chapter 11 about interest groups? 14. Anything else you wish to state about your reaction to this case study in policy making: Background and further readings on healthcare policy in the U.S.: Healthcare is one of the most contentious policy areas in American politics. Some of the most conspicuous issues with healthcare provision in our country are: -medical bills are the leading cause of bankruptcy for middle class and low income households in America -Insurance premiums and co pays are too high and limits for patients with preexisting conditions are numerous; insurance industry is fairly unregulated and has monopoly on setting the rules of the game on who and how they cover. -50 million Americans remain uninsured, with elderly, students/young, and workers in low paid or part time jobs that offer no health insurance benefits most affected. We do not have a public health option that would offer a choice aside from private care, just like we have public education/universal education for any American who does not wish to spend tons on private education -while we have such programs as Medicare (for the elderly), Medicaid (for low income families), and emergency rooms, they do not cover all those who need medical care; states became strict with qualifications for such programs, cutting funding and  eliminating many Americans from qualifying. Emergency rooms, if you have been to one, do not offer quality care, preventative treatment, and many other essential services. Insurance does not cover pre-existing conditions; insurance plans have limits and co-pays that many people simply cannot afford once faced with a serious illness. -Healthcare is too expensive and inaccessible to many -What reforms are needed to address such disparities in healthcare? And more importantly, in our political system what reforms can or cannot be made? This documentary provides one way to think through the structure of policy making process in America. Supplementary/suggested readings: Start with understanding facts, numbers, and myths about Obama’s Affordable Care Act: http://www.whitehouse.gov/healthreform Margaret Flowers: Obamacare did not go far enough, we still need universal health coverage for Americans: http://www.thenation.com/video/168604/margaret-flowers-obamacare-doesnt-go-far-enough# Number of uninsured Americans rises to 50.7 million: http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-09-17-uninsured17_st_n.htm Census data on health coverage in America: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/data/incpovhlth/2010/highlights.html Republicans who benefit from Obama’s healthcare bill are torn about the candidates: http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/06/health/republicans-conflicted-obamacare/ Listing some benefits for women under Obama’s healthcare bill, particular for potential cancer patients: http://www.democraticunderground.com/10021447151 Three myths about Obama’s Affordable Care Act: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Noq_tktemE0 Republican presidential candidate Romney on healthcare: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/opinion/krugman-romneys-sick-joke.html?smid=fb-share&_r=0 Public opinion about Obama’s healthcare bill: healthcare is complex in terms of public opinion–while a majority favored it’s repeal, large majorities actually favored each aspect of the law. Moreover, with the Supreme Court’s upholding the law, this seems to have made it more popular (but made the Court less so): http://themonkeycage.org/blog/2012/10/03/the-effect-of-the-courts-ruling-in-the-aca/ http://themonkeycage.org/blog/2012/06/27/framing-and-health-care-reform/ http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0811/62242.html Paul Ryan’s (runs as vice-president on the Republican ticket in 2012 election) plans to undercut social security and Medicare infuriate the elderly, he dismisses concerns with contempt and removal of a senior citizens from the hall: http://www.upworthy.com/paul-ryans-medicare-plan-will-hurt-old-people-paul-ryans-security-guys-have-hurt?g=2 Healthcare debate in cross-cultural perspective: Canada vs. U.S. http://www.diemer.ca/Docs/Diemer-TenHealthCareMyths.htm Healthcare in Netherlands vs. U.S.: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/03/magazine/03european-t.html?pagewanted=all

How Employees Relate to One Another Sets Gore Apart Essay

1. What evidence is there that W.L. Gore and associates aspire to meet the goal of human relations? With their promise to provide a challenging, opportunity-rich, work environment with reasonable job security, Gore & Associates is able to encourages hands-on innovation and in term maximizing individual potential, while cultivating and environment that fosters creativity and also to operate with high integrity. Their system works, and they have proven this to us for more than 50 years. For a company to be in the green for every year they have had their doors open to the world, they must be doing something right. Everyone knows that a happy worker is a productive worker, and I believe that Gore & Associates get this. They strive on making their employees happy ones, and by looking at their numbers, they know exactly what it takes. 2. How does Gore and Associates depict an organization that fully appreciates the â€Å"systems effect†? In a â€Å"systems effect† all people in an organization are affected by at least one other person, and each person affects the whole group or organization. By using a system approach to business, Gore and Associates develop high-performing individuals and groups. Individuals and groups are the foundation of an organization and human relations is the foundation of supporting performance. By understanding the company as a whole, but also by what each individual does to play part to the company’s overall growth and wealth, they can really take a whole new prospective look at how even the smallest matter can change the whole outlook on the company, and how each individual plays part in the success of the business. 3. One can argue that W.L. Gore’s lattice structure encompasses some of the unexpected discoveries brought out by Elton Mayo and the Hawthorne Studies. Identify some features of the lattice structure that align with some of the  unexpected discoveries of the Hawthorne Studies. Hawthorne Studies refers to an increase in performance caused by the special attention given to employees, rather than tangible changes in the work. Gore’s lattice structure is a proven method, with no titles, no bosses, no formal hierarchy, and with compensation and promotions that are strictly decided by peer rankings of each other performance, the overall performance increased because of the special attention given to employees. A happy worker is a productive worker. Studies have shown that workers are usually, but not always, more productive then unhappy workers. W.L. Gore understood this and strives on sustaining a work environment that harbors career success. 4. How does Gore’s â€Å"sponsorship† program contribute toward meeting some of the 10 human relations guidelines outlined in the Chapter? By freedom to encourage, help and allow other associates to grow in knowledge, skill, and scope of responsibility, sponsors help associates chart a course for success in the organization. I believe that Gore & Assoc. stands out among other companies because they allow people to grow and actually work towards something better. The more effort a person puts into his career the more he can get out of it. By sponsors showing genuine interest in their colleges, and by helping others, they create win-win situations, both small and large scale to the company’s overall growth.

The Outlaw Josey Wales essays

The Outlaw Josey Wales essays Many western-oriented films tend to focus on reckless cowboys running from town to town, killing anyone who may potentially threaten their power. The Outlaw Josey Wales by Robert Daly, however, portrays a new type of main character defined by an entirely different set of morals and values. Throughout the film, Josey kills a total of 47 characters, but not once does he do so without reason. He never murdered anyone unless the situation left him no other option. In Josey Wales opinion, self-defense represented the only justification for killing another human being; the title outlaw inaccurately represents his true character. The movie begins with Josey plowing his farmland, which appears very solid and difficult to penetrate. This portrays Joseys modest beginnings as a hard worker and devoted family man. The difficult farming conditions, however, foreshadow the struggles that lie ahead for Josey throughout the remainder of the film. As he works, Josey suddenly hears gunshots in the distance and notices a thick black smoke rising in the air. He ran toward the smoke and found a band of Union soldiers burning his house and butchering his wife and son. Smoke is symbolic of the soul, and the color black represents death, thus portraying the death of Joseys soul upon witnessing the loss of his family. He attempted to save them, but one of the soldiers knocked him unconscious. After he awoke several hours later, the disheartened Josey buried his wife and son under a cross made of wood, showing his strong belief in religion (whatever it may have been). Later that day, he found a Union pistol buried amo ng the ashes of his house. Loading the weapon, Josey fired it repeatedly at a stake of wood not missing once. The fact that Joseys weapon-of-choice had been the former gun of a Union soldier shows how others forced him to become known as the outlaw Josey Wales. On the lighter...

Celebrity ACT Scores (Steve Jobs, Barack Obama, Marilyn Monroe)

Celebrity ACT Scores (Steve Jobs, Barack Obama, Marilyn Monroe) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you taking the ACT? You're in good company! Barack Obama, Marilyn Monroe, and Steve Jobs all took the ACT, too, along with several other celebrities. We've compiled their scores so you can see how these successful people performed back when they were in high school. We've also converted the SAT scores of famous people to the ACT scale so you get a sense of how their scores compare. Now if you ever run into Barack Obama, you'll have at least one conversation starter to fall back on...

History of Automobile Industry in Michigan Essay

History of Automobile Industry in Michigan - Essay Example South-east Michigan comprises the population of 4.9 million people with the economic footprint extending well beyond the geographical parameter of south-east Michigan and the city of Detroit. Automobile production including the production of its components has spread beyond the geographical boundaries of Michigan encompassing southern state and southern Ontario. The automobile industry has the rich history embedded in the growth of the industrial organization and syndicalism, having a closed link with the history of the United Auto Workers. The versatility and socio-politic dynamism and the organized labor movements had been responsible for laying the grounds for the development of the strong automobile industry. The transport itself had its most crucial role in the growth of the automobile industry. Michigan’s location towards the Western frontier without the flow of the natural rivers and the need to reach the potential markets of fur, iron and copper ore, lumber, and agricu ltural products without natural rivers gave the impetus to develop the cheap and best transportation alternatives. Earlier the only means of transportation were ships across â€Å"Lakes Huran and Erie to eastern markets and from the Upper Peninsula via Lakes Michigan and Superior.† The shipping was greatly developed over the Great Lakes, which was connected to Michigan’s hardwood forests, which in turn led to the building of the shipbuilding firms. The increase in the growth of the lumbering also led to the expansion of the railroad network throughout Michigan. Helped by the federal and land grants, this network was completed by the late nineteenth century and by the year 1900, approximately more than 6,900 miles of track crossed Michigan.